MAXIMA AND MINIMA , LOCAL MAXIMUM/ MINIMUM, GLOBAL MAXIMUM/ MINIMUM
MAXIMA AND MINIMA
LOCAL MAXIMA AND MINIMA:
let y = f(x) be a function defined at x = a and also in the vicinity of the point x = a, then f(x) is said to have a local maximum at x =a if the value of the function at x = a is greater than the value of the function at the neighboring point of x = a.
Similarly, f(x) is said to have a local minimum at x = a, if the value of the function at x = a is less than the value of the function at the neighboring points of x = a.
A TEST FOR LOCAL MAXIMUM/ MINIMUM
Test for local maximum/minimum at x= a if f(x) is differentiable at x = a.
Let f(x) is differentiable at x= a and it is a critical point of function f' (a) =0 and if f '(x) function changes its sign while passing through the point x = a then,
- f(x) would have a local maximum at x = a if f'(a - 0) > O and f’(a + 0) <0. It means that f'(x) should change its sign from positive to negative.
- f(x) would have a local minimum at x = a if f'(a - 0) <O and f'(a + 0) > 0. It means that f'(x) should change its sign from negative to positive.
- If fix) doesn’t change its sign while passing through x = a then f(x) would have neither a maximum nor minimum at point x = a.
Second-order derivative test for maxima and minima
Let f(x) be a differentiable function on an interval I. let
and f''(x) is continuous at x = a then
- x = a is a point of local maximum if f'(a) = 0 and f''(a) < 0.
- x = a is a point of local minimum if f'(a) = 0 and f''(a) > 0.
- if f'(a) = f''(a) and f'''(a) =! 0 if exists then x = a is neither a point of local maximum nor a point of local minimum.
Test for local ma ximum/minimum at x= a if f(x) is not differentiable at x = a:
When f(x) is continuous at x = a and f'(a-h) and f'(a + h) exist and are non-zero, then f(x) has a local maximum or minimum at x= a if f'(a-h) and f'(a + h) are of opposite signs.
When f(x) is continuous and f‘(a-h) and f(a + h) exist but one of them is zero, we should compare the information about the existence of local maximum/minimum from the basic definition of local maximum/minimum.
If f (x) is not continuous at x= a and f'(a—h) and/or f'(a + h) are not finite then compare the values of f(x) at the neighbouring points of x=a.
Concept of Global maximum and minimum
let y = f(x) be a given function with Domain D.
Global maximum/minimum of f(x) in [a, b] is basically the greatest/least value of f(x) in [a, b]. Global maximum/minimum in [a, b] would always occure at critical points of f(x) with in [a, b] or at the end points of the interval.
Rolle’s Theorem
It states that if y = f(x) be a given function and satisfies the following conditions.
- f(x) be continuous in [a,b]
- f(x) be differentiable in (a, b)
- f(a) = f(b) then f'(c) =0 at least once for some c E (a, b)
Lagrange’s Mean Value Theorem
It states that if if y = f(x) be a given function and satisfies the following conditions
- f(x) be continuous in [a,b]
- f(x) be differentiable in (a, b)
then